Philosophers of the twentieth century

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In the 20th century, new philosophical movements emerged that significantly influenced contemporary thought. Some of the most prominent philosophers of this century include:

Existentialism and Absurdism:

1. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) – Founder of existentialist philosophy, emphasizing freedom and individual responsibility.
2. Albert Camus (1913–1960) – Explored absurdism and the meaninglessness of life, advocating for "rebellion" against the absurd.

Analytical Philosophy:

3. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) – Focused on language and logic, best known for Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
4. Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) – A philosopher and logician who contributed to analytical philosophy and criticized traditional metaphysics.
5. Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) – Criticized the idea of the mind as a separate entity from the body, introducing the concept of "category mistake."

Continental Philosophy (Hermeneutics and Deconstruction):

6. Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) – Explored the concept of "Being" in his book Being and Time.
7. Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) – Founder of deconstruction, focusing on analyzing texts and dismantling fixed meanings.
8. Michel Foucault (1926–1984) – Studied the relationship between power and knowledge and their effects on society.

Marxist and Critical Philosophy:

9. Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937) – Developed the concept of "cultural hegemony" and ideology’s role in shaping social consciousness.
10. Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979) – A member of the Frankfurt School, critiqued modern capitalism and its influence on culture.

Political and Ethical Philosophy:

11. John Rawls (1921–2002) – Developed the theory of justice as fairness and discussed social contract ideas in modern societies.
12. Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) – Studied the nature of power and evil, coining the concept of the "banality of evil" in totalitarian regimes.

All these philosophers played a crucial role in shaping modern and contemporary philosophy, addressing issues related to language, politics, ethics, and human existence. Are you interested in a specific philosophical movement?