Classical Logic Laws
Here’s the translation of the provided laws of logic into English: --- ### **1. Classical Logic Laws (Aristotelian)** - **Law of Identity:** Every entity is identical to itself: \( A \equiv A \). Example: "An apple is an apple." - **Law of Non-Contradiction:** A statement cannot be both true and false simultaneously: \( \neg (A \land \neg A) \). Example: "It cannot be both raining and not raining at the same time." - **Law of Excluded Middle:** Every statement is either true or false, with no middle ground: \( A \lor \neg A \). Example: "It is either raining or not raining." --- ### **2. Propositional Logic Laws** - **De Morgan's Laws:** - \( \neg (A \land B) \equiv \neg A \lor \neg B \). - \( \neg (A \lor B) \equiv ...
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