Classical Laws
Here’s the translation of the explanation of logic laws into English: --- ### **1. Classical Laws (Aristotelian)** #### **A. Law of Identity** - **Concept:** Everything is identical to itself. - **Formula:** \( A = A \). - **Example:** Saying "The moon is the moon" is necessarily true because a thing equals itself. #### **B. Law of Non-Contradiction** - **Concept:** A statement cannot be both true and false **under the same conditions and time**. - **Formula:** \( \neg (A \land \neg A) \). *(It is impossible for both \( A \) and not \( A \) to be true simultaneously.)* - **Example:** You cannot say, "It is raining and not raining right now" in the same place and time. #### **C. Law of Excluded Middle** - **Concept:** Every proposition must be **entirely true** or **entirely false**; there is no third option...
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